Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Constraints: Do the Constraints Predict University Agriculture Graduates’ Attitudes towards Entrepreneurship?

This quantitative study analyzed and predicted gender differences of agriculture graduates’ attitudes towards and challenges in entrepreneurship in Botswana. The study adopted a descriptive and correlational survey research design. A valid and reliable questionnaire was used for data collection through a survey of randomly sampled 149 final year agriculture graduate students (n=149). Inferential statistical tools of Independent t-test and Regression analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of the study determined three important attitudinal factors as: entrepreneurship results in economic growth of a country, employability and income generation and, entrepreneurship improves individual and social growth. Three important constraints in entrepreneurship were lack of land, lack of proper infrastructure and, lack of capital. These top attitudinal factors as well as constraints were the same for the male and female graduates despite of their ranking and importance. A gender difference in students’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship was established while no gender difference in the challenges in entrepreneurship was found. Out of fifteen constraints in entrepreneurship under study, only three constraints namely, lack of land, high competition in market and lack of capital, were determined as significant predictors of the graduates’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship. It is recommended that these three factors be made priorities while making policies for entrepreneurship development in the country. Further study is recommended to explore the perceptions of graduates on the possible ways to improve on these three predicting constraints and explore latent constraints predicting graduates’ attitude towards entrepreneurship. Those findings may provide better ideas in planning policies for entrepreneurial development among agriculture graduates in Botswana.


Introduction
Most of African countries are at an early stage of economic development and, there are several socio-economic, political and environmental constraints responsible for that (Kew, 2015;Santos et al., 2016). Entrepreneurship has been considered a driver to economic growth and development worldwide (Audretsch & Belitski, 2017) and, there has also been a gradual change in the entrepreneurial development in Africa to counter the global economic, political and, technological changes (Jones et al., 2018). Recognizing the importance of entrepreneurship in creating jobs and self-employment, governments and policymakers worldwide, particularly in Africa, have encouraged graduates not to depend on employment, rather to start their own businesses as a pathway to create jobs and contribute to socio-economic development. Botswana has emphasized self-employment through entrepreneurship as a basic solution to growing unemployment challenges (Hoskin Pour & Rzai, 2010). Rapid growth of entrepreneurship globally is attributed to the power of education in promoting socioeconomic well-being of an individual and countries as well. Higher education institutions (HEIs) play an important role in providing education and training to potential entrepreneurs (Farashah 2013;Lanero, Vázquez, Gutiérrez, & García, 2011) as well as providing a platform for students to be successful entrepreneurs in the future (Kozina & Ponikvar, 2015;Jelonek, Dunay, Alint, & Csaba, 2017) and thus, promoting entrepreneurship to develop economy of a country (Dembek, Singh, & Bhakoo, 2016; Botswana, as most of the other middle-income countries in southern Africa, has been among the slow growing economies grappling with high unemployment, especially youth unemployment which has remained elusive (Jauch 2011;Ncube, Shimeles, & Verdier-Chouchane, 2014). Although the country promotes entrepreneurship, the labour market is characterized by high and increasing unemployment rate which has consistently been a 2-digit figure averaging 18. 2% between 20002% between and 20162% between (Morima, 2012Matandare, 2018). Unemployment rates in the country have been rising from as low as 10.2 percent in 1981 to as high as 25.3 percent in 1984 (Malema, 2011). It hit an all-time high record of 26. 2% in 2008(World Bank, 2017. Most of the unemployed in Botswana are relatively young people (World Bank, 2015). Illustratively, du Toit and Gaotlhobogwe (2018) state that youth unemployment was estimated to be 34 percent in 2016 and this was 14 percent higher than the national unemployment rate. Thus, youth unemployment in Botswana exceeds the national unemployment (Morima, 2012;Bogale, 2014). Further, female unemployment rate is higher than male unemployment rate (Matandare, 2018). The root cause for this level of unemployment is a failure to create enough jobs in the economy the country has failed to translate high economic growth to job creation (Diraditsile & Ontetse, 2017). This is evidenced by the fact that Botswana is still ranked the lowest in terms of entrepreneurial development among all developing countries in Africa (World Economic Forum, 2016;Abubakar, 2015). The Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) (2015) scored and ranked Botswana as 36.4 and 53, respectively whereas South Africa ranked 36 with a score of 42.2 GEI, and USA ranks the highest in the world with 82.9 (Terjesen & Lloyd, 2015). Higher GEI rank of South Africa and USA indicates that these countries do better in entrepreneurship than Botswana. Poor attitude and lack of entrepreneurship culture among youth and particularly graduates can be one of the reasons for unemployment in Botswana.
Considering the growing role of entrepreneurship as a decisive factor for socio-economic development (Engle et al., 2010), researchers have started to focus their attention on understanding and predicting entrepreneurial attitudes (Vamvaka, Stoforos, & Palaskas, 2020). Several factors may have contributed to the poor entrepreneurship culture among youth in the country, including gender of entrepreneurs, attitude towards entrepreneurship, constraints in entrepreneurship. It is important to study personal attitudes because human behaviour is one of the major components influencing decisions about the act and conduct (Akbari, Movahedi, & Kochekian, 2010). Thus, understanding attitudes towards and constraints in entrepreneurship can be instrumental in formulation of policy to encourage entrepreneurship (Bosma & Levie, 2009). An investigation of graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship is important because these attitudes and constraints may reflect the prospect of becoming entrepreneurs (Guerrero, Rialp, & Urbano, 2008).

Problem Statement
Considering the importance of entrepreneurship in its socio-economic development spectrum, Botswana government initiated rigorous efforts and programmes encouraging youth to venture into wealth creation, economic growth and sustainable jobs through entrepreneurial development, but did bear poor fruit contrary to what was expected and, constant rise in unemployment among youths. Entrepreneurial development among graduates may be influenced by various factors including the attitude of the potential entrepreneurs towards entrepreneurship and, constraints they face in entrepreneurship. A better understanding of the attitudes and constraints in entrepreneurship in Botswana may help to evaluate, reinforce and change strategies to enhance prevailing entrepreneurial situation among youths, particularly graduates in the country. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the attitudes and constraints among male and female graduates towards entrepreneurship in Botswana.

Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of the study is to analyse the gender differences among agriculture graduates' attitudes towards and constraints in entrepreneurship. The specific objectives of this study are: i) To determine gender difference among agriculture graduates in their attitudes towards entrepreneurship.
ii) To determine gender difference among agriculture graduates in the challenges in entrepreneurship.
iii) To determine the constraints in entrepreneurship as predictors of graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship. i) Is there any significant difference in attitudes towards entrepreneurship between male and female graduates?
ii) Is there any significant difference in challenges in entrepreneurship between male and female graduates?
iii) Do constraints in entrepreneurship significantly predict graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship?
To answer the research questions, the following null hypotheses were formulated and tested.
i) There is no significant difference in attitudes towards entrepreneurship between male and female graduates.
ii) There is no significant difference in challenges in entrepreneurship between male and female graduates.
iii) The constraints in entrepreneurship do not significantly predict graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship.
The findings of the study may provide useful information to help policymakers to formulate the policies for promoting entrepreneurship and self-employment which may reduce the burden of unemployment, among the graduates, particularly agriculture graduates. Moreover, it may contribute to the literature of entrepreneurship, for Botswana and other developing countries.

Entrepreneurship and its Importance
In the context of understanding the role of entrepreneurship in economic growth, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), (2014, p.17) defines entrepreneurship as "any attempt at new business or new venture creation, such as self-employment, a new business organization, or the expansion of an existing business, by an individual, a team of individuals, or an established business." Entrepreneurship is more than owning or starting a business but "a process through which individuals identify opportunities, allocate resources, and create value" (Akinyoade, Dietz, & Uche, 2017, p.1). It is also known as an act of making innovations and financing them "in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods" (Stafford & Hartman, 2014, p.164). Thus, an entrepreneur sees problems as opportunities, and then takes necessary action to solve them.
There is abundant literature reflecting the importance of entrepreneurship. Being the vehicle for social development since the fifteenth century (Schumpeter, 1912;Kirchhoff, Linton, & Walsh, 2013) the impact of entrepreneurship in the economy worldwide cannot be overemphasized (Glinskiene & Petuskiene, 2011). Entrepreneurship, launched as an important instrument for social cohesion, is regarded as one of the best tools to boost socio-economic growth and stability of countries (Kidane & Harvey, 2009;Nafukko & Muyia, 2010;Raman, Anantharaman, & Ramanathan, 2013). It is an important driver of economic progress, job creation and social adjustment and, to reduce unemployment (G20, 2014; Nybakk & Hansen, 2008;Teixeira & Davey, 2008;Movahedi, Latifi, & Sayyar, 2013). Unemployment, especially among the youth, has been one of the major challenges in global transition (Brixiova, Ncube, & Bicaba, 2015;AERC, 2014). With the limited role of governments in job creation, promoting entrepreneurship has become one of the policy options for nations to sustain growth and create more jobs to curb unemployment (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor GEN, 2013;Ibrahim, Devesh, & Ubaidullah, 2017). Entrepreneurship for job creation has been documented as one of the important remedies for Africa's growing population and, thus, reducing unemployment and poverty (Tchamyou, 2016). Unemployment among youth in Africa, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, has remained high (Jauch, 2011;Ncube et al., 2014) thus compelling unemployed youth to venture into self-employment in the informal sector (Chigunta, 2017). Therefore, entrepreneurship is increasingly becoming important around the world (Movahedi, Fathi, & Brijal, 2011) and is particularly true in emerging economies where unemployment levels are high.

Entrepreneurial Attitude and Gender
Entrepreneurship is a multifaceted endeavor that is affected by a variety of demographic, social, cultural, economic and, environmental factors (Arranz, Arroyabe, & Fdez. de Arroyabe, 2019). Attitudes are predispositions for one to respond in a generally favourable or unfavourable manner with respect to an object (Ajzen, 1991) and they are vital for successful entrepreneurship. Krech andCrutchfield (1948 in Fishbein &Raven, 1962, p.40) define attitude as "an enduring organization of motivational, emotional and perceptual and cognitive processes with respect to some aspect of the individual's world". It is an evaluative aspect of a person's thinking which determines whether an issue is good or bad (Fishbein & Raven, 1962). Kleinke (1984) conceptualizes attitudes as resulting from past experiences and argues that 'persuasive communication' or external influence plays a role in modeling attitudes and behaviour. In this regard, entrepreneurship attitudes vary from one individual to another depending on factors influencing the career (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report, GEM, 2009). Guerrero, Rialp and Urbano (2008) state that attitudes towards entrepreneurship result from individuals' immediate beliefs as affected by various individual, social, cultural, environmental and ecological factors (Benoit & Narjisse, 2006). Socioeconomic factors like gender, parental qualification and profession and family income received considerable attention (Schroeder & Rodermund, 2006;Zampetakis & Moustakis, 2006;Ali, Keith, Topping, & Tariq, 2011;Movahedi, et al., 2013) in determining attitude towards entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurial Constraints and Gender
Entrepreneurial development in Africa is faced with a number of constraints hampering its success such as access to finance, access to market, policy support and entrepreneurship culture (Abubakar, 2015). Chinomona, and Mazariri, (2015) echo the same sentiments of lack of access to finance expressed by Abubakar. Poor infrastructure, inaccessibility to international markets (Bowen, Morara & Mureithi, 2009;Abor & Quartey, 2010), lack of access to finance and inadequate government support (Tandei Chamula, & fortunate, 2015), lack of resources (Chua, Chrisman, Kellermanns & Wu, 2011;Elizabeth Chinomona, & Eugine Mazariri, 2015) are highlighted as constraints towards entrepreneurship. A very few studies have reported entrepreneurial constraints in Botswana. Mutoko, (2014) reported lack of access to markets, poor work ethics, lack of funding and, lack of management skills and training as main challenges in entrepreneurship. Finance is regarded as 'life blood' for any enterprise and, is one of the major obstacles which women face in setting up their enterprises (Wasilczuk & Zieba, 2008;Phillips, Moos & Nieman, 2014). According to Mannathoko (2011), many small enterprises in Botswana do not survive more than 3 years; 80% of them fail within the first 3 years of operation.
Focusing on the literature on entrepreneurial constraints in the context of other African countries, Staniewski and Awruk (2015) determine factors that hamper potential entrepreneurs in starting up their own businesses and, report lack of capital/funds as the main factor hampering the commencement of a business. It has been suggested that institutions handling financial aid should pay particular attention and, should be preceded by an in-depth analysis of the barriers of lack of funds perceived to starting own business. Arranz, Arroyabe, and Fdez de Arroyabe (2019) studied entrepreneurial intentions in undergraduate students and the obstacles perceived by the undergraduate university students towards entrepreneurship. They argue that financial obstacles were among the main barriers students perceive to starting their own businesses. Mahadea and Khumalo (2020) investigated the constraints in the development of micro ventures in South Africa and, found that almost two-thirds of the total variation in growth limitations of enterprises is with integrated component of sale (market), asset, labour and storage and infrastructure. Fall (2020) studied the constraints that inhibit growth and investment in enterprises in Gambia and through a critical literature review, and, established the impeding factors including lack of access to credit, lack of access to market and limited access to business development services. Further, it emphasised the need to provide easy access to finance, market and business development services. Amungo (2020) reported that the business climate and lack of finance remains major suppressants of growth of enterprises in Africa suggested that the efforts need to be intensified to expand access to capital, improve business climate to sustain the entrepreneurial growth in Africa. Further, Nwajiuba, Igwe, Binuomote, Nwajiuba, and Nwekpa (2020) examined the challenges faced by the small and medium enterprises in African entrepreneurial system and, determined major challenges among others as lack of finance, lack of innovation and technology, low skilled workforce, and poor infrastructure. These challenges have implications on unemployment and poverty rates as well as economic growth in Africa. The literature reported several constraints in entrepreneurial development in some of the African countries. However, not much such literature has focused in the context of Botswana particularly, on gender difference on entrepreneurship.

Methodology
A descriptive and co-relational research design was adopted in this quantitative study. The population consisted of final year undergraduate students at the Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana. A total of 149 undergraduate students (n=149) enrolled in agricultural programmes were randomly sampled. A valid and reliable questionnaire was constructed for data collection. The first part of the questionnaire was designed to obtain information on the gender of the students. The second part of the instrument composed of twelve (12) items measuring the students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship. The third part of the instrument composed of fifteen (15) items measuring the constraints in the entrepreneurial development. The items on attitudes and constraints were measured on a four-point Likert's scale: Strongly Agree (SA) = 4, Agree (A) = 3, Disagree (D) = 2 and Strongly Disagree (SD) = 1. Likert scale is one of the most frequently used psychometric tools in educational and social sciences research (Joshi, Kale, Chandel, & Pal, 2015). The instrument was validated for its content and face validity by a panel of experts in the area of agricultural education and entrepreneurship. The reliability analysis was conducted to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of the students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship and, constraints in entrepreneurship were determined to be .812 and .715, respectively. Thus, the instrument was reliable as the reliability coefficients were greater than the minimum expected level of .70 (Creswell & Creswell, 2017).
Data were collected through survey using the valid and reliable questionnaire. Data were analysed using the SPSS Software Version 23 whereby inferential statistical tools of Independent t-test and Multiple regression analysis were employed. An Independent t-test was employed to determine the gender difference in the graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship and, constraints in entrepreneurial development whereby gender of the students was used as an independent variable and, the students' attitude was treated as a dependent variable. An Independent t-test was also employed to determine gender difference among agriculture graduates in the challenges in entrepreneurship whereby gender of the graduates was used as an independent variable and, the constraints in entrepreneurship was treated as a dependent variable. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to predict the students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship. For regression analyses, the score of students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship and, the score of constraints in entrepreneurship were considered as dependent variables and independent variables, respectively.

Gender Difference in Students' Attitudes towards Entrepreneurship
The first objective of this study was to determine gender difference among agriculture graduates in their attitudes towards entrepreneurship. An Independent t-test was employed to achieve this objective. The results of the Independent t-test are presented in Table 1. Table 1 shows a significant gender difference on students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship (t = -4.065, p = .000). Further, female students have higher significant influence on the attitudes towards entrepreneurship (x ̅ = 31.92) as compared to the influence of male students (x ̅ = 28.21). This finding compares with Gaetsewe's (2018) study that found that females have a higher preference for entrepreneurship. Contradictorily, majority of studies have suggested that males have a higher preference for entrepreneurship than females (Delmar & Davidson, 2000;Díaz-García and Jiménez-Moreno, 2010;Verheul et al., 2012;Zellweger et al., 2011, Vlachos, 2016Millan et al., 2014;Nikolova & Bargar, 2010;Sohl, 2014;Brush, Edelman, Manolova, & Welter, 2019). These findings may imply that women are forced into self-employment as they have limited opportunities for getting employment. Moreover, women in Botswana push themselves in order to make their lives self-dependent, implying that they would be more likely to engage in self-employment than men (Almqvist & Bjornberg, 2010 There were 12 items (factors) measuring the graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship. In order to determine the item wise gender difference in the attitude, an independent test was run and, the findings are presented in Table 2. Table 2. T-test statistics of graduates' gender and their attitude towards entrepreneurship Table 2 shows that the three top attitudinal factors which contributed significantly to the difference in the attitude of male students are entrepreneurship results in economic growth of a country (x ̅ = 3.67), entrepreneurship results in employability and income generation (x ̅ = 3.56), and, entrepreneurship improves of individual and social growth (x ̅ = 3.54). In the case of female graduates, the top three attitudinal factors which contributed significantly to the difference are entrepreneurship results in employability and income generation (x ̅ = 3.77), entrepreneurship results in economic growth of a country (x ̅ = 3.31) and, entrepreneurship improves of individual and social growth (x ̅ = 3.22). The different priorities in male and female outlooks may result from practical life challenges where in Botswana, as in many other developing countries, women sustain families and may prioritise family sustenance ahead of national development. Bandiera and Natraj (2013) note that social constraints impair women's economic outlook and efficiency. These findings suggest that the top three attitudinal factors in entrepreneurship for male and female graduates are the same with the difference in their ranking and importance. This further indicates that these three factors should be priorities by the policy makers while making policies for entrepreneurial development in the country.

Gender Difference in Constraints in Entrepreneurship
The second objective of this study was to determine gender difference among graduates in the challenges in entrepreneurship. An Independent t-test was employed to achieve this objective. The results of the Independent t-test are presented in Table 3. Table 3 shows that there is no significant gender difference in the challenges in entrepreneurship (t = -1.170, p = .260). It indicates that male and female graduates face the same constraints in entrepreneurship. However, female students had higher influence of constraints in the challenges in entrepreneurship (x ̅ = 43.86) as compared to the influence of male students (x ̅ = 42.73). There were 15 items (factors) measuring the constraints in entrepreneurship. In order to determine the item wise gender difference in these constraints, an Independent t-test was run and, the findings are presented in Table 4.  Table 4 indicates that the top three factors which contributed significantly to the difference in the constraints for male graduates are lack of land (x ̅ = 3.58), lack of capital (x ̅ = 3.52) and, lack of proper infrastructure (x ̅ = 3.21). In the case of female graduates, the top three factors which contributed significantly to the difference in the attitude of female are lack of land (x ̅ = 3.64), lack of proper infrastructure (x ̅ = 3.41) and lack of capital (x ̅ = 3.26). These findings suggest that the top three constraints in entrepreneurship for male and female graduates are the same with the difference in their ranking and importance. The same constraints in entrepreneurship were also reported by various studies as the main problems and constraints on entrepreneurship development. As a necessary component for enterprises, lack of land was also identified as a constraint in entrepreneurship development by several researchers (Haselip, Desgain, & Mackenzie, 2015;Mayer, Meyer, & Molefe, 2016;Jaisawal & Patel, 2016;Tambunan, 2017). Several researchers such as Mutoko (2014); Tandei Chamula and Fortunate (2015); Abubakar (2015); Esiobu and Ibe (2015) and; Tambunan (2017) reported lack of funds/capital. Poor infrastructure was reported as the main constraint in entrepreneurship among youths by Legas (2015); Rivera- Santos, Holt, Littlewood & Kolk (2015); Jelilov and Onder (2016); Demiral, (2016); Igwa, Ogundana, Egere, & Anigbo (2018), Shantz, Kistruck, & Zietsma (2018) and, Nwajiuba, Igwe, Binuomote, Nwajiuba, & Nwekpa, (2020). Unlike most literature which see females as having less property and political rights (Ahang, 2014;Bandiera & Natraj, 2013;Cuberes & Teignier-Baque, 2011), these findings suggest that both males and females feel that accessing land for entrepreneurial purposes would be the toughest hurdle.

Prediction of Students' Attitudes from the Constraints in Entrepreneurship
The third objective of the study was to predict graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship from the constraints in entrepreneurship. A Stepwise method of multiple regression analysis was used to answer this objective. Table 5 presents the results of the multiple regression analysis which indicates that the constraints in entrepreneurship are significant predictors of graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship [F(3, 133) = 35.81, p = <.001)].  Table 6 presents the regression coefficients reflecting the relative importance of the constraints in entrepreneurship factors in predicting the graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship. It highlights that only three constraints; lack of land, high competition in market and, lack of capital significantly predict graduates' attitude towards entrepreneurship. The total variance of prediction of graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship explained by the three predicting constraints contribute to 43 percent of the variance in graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship. It further explains that there are some other latent constraints responsible for the reaming variance of 57 percent to the graduates' attitude towards entrepreneurship. A further similar study can be conducted to explore more constraints predicting graduates' attitude towards entrepreneurship. The findings of this study (Table 6) are similar to the findings reported by several other researchers. Ramawati, and Rohman (2020) and, Staniewski and Awruk, (2015) reported that the availability of financial capital is an important factor as it provides motivation to start a new enterprise. Brixiová, Kangoye, and Tregenna, (2020) find that land ownership is crucial for better performance of female entrepreneurs in Africa and, it was suggested that the Southern African economies would benefit if land tenure and financial institutions favour female entrepreneurs. Nwokorie, Edwin Chigozie, Adiukwu and Ikenna Kingsley (2020) also reveal that poor access to funds, inconsistent government policies and poor infrastructure affect productivity and sustainability of enterprises. In the case of Botswana, the inconsistent government policies such as import policies are responsible for high competitive markets in the country and hardly protect the local entrepreneurs; consequently, the local enterprises suffer losses and, ultimately lead to a close down. Further, considering the context of globalization and, enabling African entrepreneurs to compete favorably globally, Nwajiuba, Igwe, Binuomote, Nwajiuba, and Nwekpa, (2020) suggest for some reforms like import and export regulations which may help the local entrepreneurs to reduce the high competition in the market and, to help sustain their enterprises.

Conclusion and Recommendations
Based on the findings, this study concludes that a gender difference in graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship is significant. It highlights that female graduates have higher difference in the attitudes towards entrepreneurship as compared to the influence of male graduates. The top three significant attitudinal factors towards entrepreneurship determined were entrepreneurship results in economic growth of a country, entrepreneurship results in employability and income generation and, entrepreneurship improves of individual and social growth. These top three attitudinal factors were the same for the male and female graduates despite of their ranking and importance. No gender difference in the constraints in entrepreneurship indicated that male and female graduates face the same constraints in entrepreneurship. The top three constraints faced by the male and female graduates in entrepreneurship were lack of land, lack of proper infrastructure and, lack of capital. Only three constraints in entrepreneurship namely lack of land, high competition in market and, lack of capital were determined as the significant predictors of the graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship. Furthermore, lack of land was the most outstanding predictor of the graduates' attitudes towards entrepreneurship followed by the high competition in market and, the lack of capital. It is recommended that these three factors be made priorities by the policy makers while making policies for entrepreneurship development in the country. A further study is also recommended to explore the perceptions of agriculture graduates on the possible strategies on how to improve on the three predicting constraints: lack of land, high competition in market and, lack of capital. A similar study can be conducted to explore more constraints predicting graduates' attitude towards entrepreneurship. There may be reasons for more inclination of female graduates towards entrepreneurship as compared to the male graduates. Therefore, a further study is needed to explore reasons for more inclination of female graduates towards entrepreneurship.