Education Viruses That Agonizing Education Systems Components

The purpose of the research is to define the factors that negatively affect education and learning process. Descriptive content analysis, one of the non-interactive qualitative research designs, was used to analyze the data. The analyses were conducted in six stages. First, aim, subject, and research questions were determined. Literature review was done according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the literature was read, the literature tags were created in the form of a table, the codes, categories, themes were created inductively according to the descriptive content analysis, and finally, analysis, association, interpretation, signification, and reporting were made. To this aim, 238 research conducted between 2014 and 2018 were jointly investigated within the framework of determined criteria. Correlation between raters was determined as rp= 0.94. According to the obtained results, variables that negatively affect learning related to technology and media may be indicated as phone, tablet, computer, game, internet, cartoons, social media, television, and TV series. Private teaching institutions and central examinations that negatively affect teaching are among the variables related to exams. Negative and disruptive factors arising from the school, education system, and educational practices; assignments, disconnection from real life, discipline problems, legislation and procedures, teaching practices that do not change or be updated, and a low possibility for failing a class are educational fashions. Addiction related viruses such as drugs, technology addiction, smoking habits affect education negatively. Obesity and excessive consumption culture and unhealthy nutrition problems that are health-related problems are also observed. Violence, swearing, using slang words, peer bullying, moral collapse, noise pollution, and problems stemming from ignoring others are the problems arising from all kinds of school environments.

education and to create valid inferences about the future in order to make the right decisions and forecasts in the world of the future.

Model and Procedures of the Research
In this study, it is aimed to identify and interpret the factors that cause difficulties, spoil learning and cause disruption in the learning-teaching processes developed to reach the basic objectives, root values, and competencies in general education system.
While determining the research method, the subject of the research, the research process, obtaining the data, and the data analysis process was evaluated together. Accordingly, since the research aims to reveal the existing situation under its conditions, it adopts the descriptive scanning model, which is included in the types of survey type research. Within the frame of this model, it is started with the literature review. The keywords and the variables of the research ( Table 2) were obtained during the literature review. During the literature review, the time interval, the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the frames of the databases for the literature review were determined. Following the findings of the research grouped according to these criteria are evaluated, six themes were determined as "technology and media", "exams", "school, education system and educational practices", "addiction", "health" and "environment". Considering the data studied and the process followed; descriptive content analysis, one of the non-interacting qualitative research designs, was used. (Dinçer 2018, Karataş 2015. Thus, objective reality, literature trends, and research results obtained in line with the research questions were evaluated descriptively and systematically. Content analysis is a scientific method that is generally compiled by systematically examining written materials, grouping them with certain criteria, and compiling them to spread knowledge and guide future research. (Dinç er 2018). Qualitative data are analyzed via content analysis or descriptive content analysis. (Karataş 2015). The main purpose of the descriptive content analysis is to determine the trends, it is done by systematically coding the quantitative or qualitative data within the framework of certain themes and classifications. (Cohen et al. 2007, Fraenkel, et al. 2007. In this research, the systematic definition and evaluation of the research results obtained with the help of the criteria (Table 2) determined by the researcher were carried out by descriptive content analysis (Çalık & Sözbilir 2014). Descriptive content analysis is a type of qualitative data analysis that includes summarizing and interpreting the data obtained with various data collection techniques according to predetermined themes (Berg and Lune 2015, Özdemir 2010Özdemir , Glesne 2014. Qualitative analysis is a technique that enables researchers to understand how social events and phenomena occur. To this end, in qualitative research, the goal is to search and make sense of variables rather than evaluation of these variables. Therefore, descriptive content analysis was used in the current study to analyze and make sense of both qualitative and quantitative research findings. Thus, generality, objectivity, systematicity, reliability, and controllability features were provided in the study. In this study, 238 qualitative and quantitative research conducted between 2014-2018 were investigated within the framework of determined criteria, and descriptive content analysis was used as a method (Çalık, Sözbilir, 2014).
The descriptive content analysis was carried out in six steps: In the first step; purpose, subject and research questions were determined, and a framework (Table 1) was formed by the researcher for descriptive analysis. In the fifth step; codes and categories, and findings were defined according to the previously determined thematic framework through descriptive content analysis. Finally, inductive inferences were made by synthesizing the themes obtained from the studies investigated.
In the sixth step; findings were correlated, made sense of, interpreted and reported in the analysis process.

Reliability and Validity
The purpose and questions of the research were clearly stated to ensure validity and reliability in this study. The data collection method, inclusion and exclusion criteria (Table 2) were determined for the validity of the findings. Accordingly, 25 sub-item analyzes of the studies under 6 items included in the analysis according to the template in Table 1 were analyzed individually (on 25 tables), and then descriptive content analysis was conducted from these tables. The process of analysis of data and preparation of the findings under common themes were explained. The analysis was done by two academic staff. Correlation between raters was determined as rp = 0.94. Inter-rater reliability = Consensus / (Agreement + Disagreement) (Miles and Huberman 1994) reliability formula was used in determining the agreement between raters, and a high degree of correlation was found. Descriptive content analysis process lasted about one year.

Sampling and Limitations
The literature used in the current research is limited to research between 2014 and 2018 (5 years). The literature review was carried out by the researcher in various time periods between 2014 and 2018. The analysis was done by two academic staff. Since the research primarily dealt with educational problems in Turkey, academic publications that belong to Turkey, theses and articles whose issues, problem state, data, and analysis were included in the analysis in the process of literature review. In the present research, "inclusion" and "exclusion criteria" are given in Table 2.

Keywords, Databases, Calendar, Period of Time, Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
The criteria used in obtaining research data are given below.

Findings
In the present study, the factors that hinder, negatively affect, disrupt, slow down, reduce and restrict the learning quality, and how these factors affect education learning, education and especially learners were aimed to describe. For this purpose, the meta-synthesis findings related to the research questions are given below.  Göçoğlu, Aydın 2015Görü Doğan 2015Gündoğdu 2016;Kartal, Yazgan, Kıncal 2017;Kılıç, Koç, Okumuş, Parlar 2018;Koçyiğit 2017).

Under the Theme of Technology and Media, Descriptive Content Analysis on the Subject of "Television and (TV Series)" and How this Variable Affects Learning, Education and Students
Under the theme of technology and media, inferences and synthesis were made from the sources and codes regarding the variables in the "Tv and (series) movies" category and how this variable affected learning, education and students. Considering the findings, it has been noted that children watch television over the recommended time period, and they have some health problems, especially in their eyes and sleep in case of long-term television watching. Along with all these, socio-economic structure of the family is an important determinant of children's television habits and some hidden advertising implementation in the series (Açıkalın 2017; Çiçek 2017; Kapucu, Seç kin 2014).

Under the Theme of Exams; Findings of Descriptive Content Analysis on Central Exams, Lecturers on Learning Variables, Education and How They Affect Students Negatively education into background, and exams become the main purpose of education in all grades. Besides, teachers prepare courses and exams that are central exams oriented, and they prepare questions that may be asked questions in the central exams students, and this situation ignores the development of the learners as a whole, and the education system is exam-oriented and is far from evaluation of knowledge, skills and abilities, and students perceive lessons and subjects that do not have questions in central exams as a waste of time, and they have conflict with the
teachers of these lessons, and the students who will take the exam have anxiety and this affects sleep quality negatively, and successful learners may have communication problems between the their friends and the environment, the content and philosophy of the curriculum and the central exams are not compatible, and the constantly changing exam system, types of questions and contents affect the success of the students negatively, and the demand for private schools has increased due to the fact that unrealistic (

Under the theme of addiction, inference and synthesis were made from the sources and codes regarding the variable in the "technology addiction" category, how it affected learning, education and students. Considering the findings, Turkey ranks fifth in the world with 7.8 hours in a week in terms of the time spent per visitor on Facebook. Internet addiction causes occupancy problems for information systems constantly and increases misuse instead of using it productively, and loss of work/time and energy. It causes psycho-social behavioral disorders and makes real-life
complicated. This situation causes harm for people in many areas such as health, social, education, and interpersonal relations. It is stated that internet addiction will increase gradually and have a negative impact on human health. More than half of university students and nearly half of public officers are nomophobic (fear of mobile phone deprivation). University students spend their free time using a smartphone, which is associated with nomophobic behaviours. It has been found that the average smoking duration of students with internet addiction was higher than the group without internet addiction (Alaçam, Çulha, Ateşci, Şengül, Tümkaya 2015; Koç, Albayrak 2017;Savci, Aysan 2017;Ulusoy 2017;Yılmazsoy, Kahraman 2017).

Under the Theme of Health, Descriptive Content Analysis on "Obesity" Variable and How It Affects Learning, Education and Students
Under the theme of health, inferences and synthesis were made from the sources and codes about the variable in the "obesity" category and how it affected learning, education and students. Accordingly, as the body mass index values of the parents increase, the frequency of obesity in children increases, and the frequency of obesity is higher in children who spend more than 4 hours a day in front of TV and computer. Sales of unhealthy products in school canteens is considered to be among the reasons for obesity, and obesity increases as eating healthy food decreases. Under the theme of environment, inference and synthesis were made from the sources and codes regarding the variable in the category of "violence" that affects learning, education and students. In this regard, it has been found that films and programs that contain violence and visual media increase the tendency of violence in young people; negative emotion in students causes cyberbullying; there are security problems stem from the relationships among students or accidents in schools, and there is a shortage of personnel related to these security problems (Emin, Melike 2017;Nevin 2006;Ömer 2017;Özlem, Bertan 2016).
3.6.2 Under the Theme of Environment, "Descriptive Content Analysis on How "Swearing and Using Slang"

Variable Negatively Affects Learning, Education and Students
Under the theme of environment, inference and synthesis were made from sources and codes about the variable in the category of "swearing and slang" that affect learning, education and students. Accordingly, it has been reported that social media is a field where swearing and symbolic violence is frequently used, and individuals are manipulated and humiliated through symbolic violence; they are passivated through movements such as offending pride and preventing freedom of expression (Levent 2017;Nagehan 2015).

Under the Theme of Environment, Descriptive Content Analysis on How the Peer "Bullying" Variable Affects Learning, Education and Students Negatively
Under the theme of the environment, inference and synthesis were made from the sources and codes regarding the variable in the category of "peer bullying" affecting learning, education and students. Considering the relevant aspects, it has been found that virtual bullies send electronic messages such as messages, photos, shameful words or slander, which may harm other people through computers and mobile phones; students who use digital media (such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) are highly likely to be virtual bullies; as the time of using smartphone increases, the probability of being a virtual bully also increases, and those who use virtual Facebook and Twitter are more likely to be a virtual bully than those who do not use it (Can, Ermeydan 2017; Ünver, Koç 2017

Technology / Media Related Results
/Frequent, uncensored and misuse of tablets and mobile phones can negatively affect children and their sleeping habits; deprive them of outdoor games; cause behavioral problems, and increases nomophobia. In the same way, some games, played electronically in particular, cause loneliness, negative family relationships, virtual bullying, sleep disorders, poor academic success, aggression, communication disorders, early adolescence to say nothing of offering them negative role models. It has been stated that the duration of internet use by children and young people is increasing day by day; some internet media use children for abuse material; media literacy competencies of children and lesson hours of media literacy are insufficient, and the internet has a shaping effect on the structure, order and quality of social relations. It has been found that children model the heroes in cartoons in their lives; archetypes (template icons) that affect children in cartoon channels are frequently used, and stimuli given to the subconscious create cultural codes and archetypes; some cartoons contain subliminal messages; children especially the ones in preschool period perceive cartoons as real and their behavior is affected by cartoons, and parents' level of awareness about this issue is low. It has been revealed that excessive use of social media causes emotional and behavioral problems such as loss of time, shyness, decreased self-esteem, change of emotional state and dissatisfaction in young people; when they cannot access social media anxiety, stress, depression, loneliness, fear of missing out, feeling worthless, hopelessness, desperation, distress and avoiding social environments. It has been figured out that watching for a long time creates some health problems in children (especially eyes and sleeping); hidden advertising is used in the series and the socio-economic structure of the family is determinant on children's television habits.

Results about Exams and Private Teaching Institutions
It has been found out that the system of examination distracted schools from their purposes in Turkey, education system was exam-oriented along with being far from assessing skills and abilities and information; exam administration became the main purpose of teachers at all teaching levels, and they organized the lessons and exams for central examination, the lessons were restricted to the topics from which questions could be asked in the central exams, so development of the student as a whole was ignored, the content and philosophy of the curriculum and the central exams were incompatible, constantly changing exam system affected the success of the students; the inflated grades were given in private schools, and the central exams had negative effects economic, social, cultural on the psychological sense on the society. Parents spend the highest education expenses for private lessons and private courses/ teaching institutions; despite the high perception of competence of teachers in the Ministry of National Education (MoNE), they believe that the private teaching institutions are necessary, and most of the students think that they should go to the private education institutions for entrance to university. The emergence of private teaching institutions is due to the inadequacy of equal opportunities.

Results from the School, Education System and Educational Practices
The most common problems about homework are that the homework is not understood by the students clearly; most of the students do homework due to necessity, fear and anxiety caused by the results; when the homework is not done, the teacher either punishes students or gives them additional homework and this situation tiredness for the students. It has been found that traditional schools are generally not enough to prepare students for real life, and the information learned in the school is mostly forgotten, and it is not used in real life frequently. It has been determined that there are many different discipline problems in schools. Some of these are related to personal behavioral disorders, while others stem from social disharmony and not obeying rules. On the other hand, it has been stated that teachers should improve themselves on behavioral management strategies. Frequent changes in legislation, official correspondence, and unnecessary paperwork cause the loss of energy, time, and efficiency. It has been revealed that teachers use traditional teaching approaches and methods, and they can not keep up with the latest educational issues professionally; they always use the same approach in classroom management; they do not use the educational technology and multiple and alternative assessments and evaluation techniques adequately and actively. However, it is too easy to pass a grade level in compulsory education, and this causes drowsiness and irresponsibility for students. So, there exists a relationship between traditional assessment and evaluation systems and failure in class. To this end, new applications and approaches regarding education (especially in private schools) are shown as a solution for everything and this causes unprecedented hopes, waste of time, effort and money.

Results Related to Addiction
Social media and internet addiction increase the misuse of technology instead of real needs, causes loss of work/time and energy, and psycho-social behavioral disorders; makes real life more complicated; harm to individuals in many areas such as health, social, education, interpersonal relationships. It has been determined that the most serious factors for substance addiction are friend circle, easy access to the substance, enthusiasm, and curiosity; smoking and taking alcohol among adolescents increase gradually; they can access addictive substances easily; parents' awareness about this issue is insufficient; media and internet information are two of the most common sources that students can learn about addiction and academic success of dependent students is low.

Health Related Results
It has been pointed out that frequency of obesity, lack of physical activity and unhealthy eating habits increase in children who spend a long time in front of TV and computer. It has been also stated that obesity is not only a health problem but also a psychological matter, and canteens affect students 'eating habits. It has been determined that through media, excessive consumption culture is tried to be imposed to children; as the income level of individuals increases, conspicuous consumption also increases; children are targeted in marketing strategies as today's consumers and loyal customers of future; family is the most important institution that determines the consumption behaviors or enables the socialization of the individual as a consumer. It has been uncovered that families are important in the acquisition of healthy eating habits; popular culture, advertisements, and the desire to spend money individual negatively affect children's natural eating habits; students mostly care about the tasty foods and then they pay attention to the healthiness, preparation time and price, respectively; students mostly skip meals( mostly breakfasts), this affects mental performance, desire to work, academic success, attention, and perception negatively and cause health problems.

Conclusions about the Environment
It has been established that visual media and films, and programs that contain violence increase violent behaviors in young people and cause cyberbullying and security problems, together with the statement that students frequently use swearing and symbolic violence, especially in social media, so individuals are manipulated and passivized. It has been determined that students perform virtual bullying to their peers with computers and mobile phones. All kinds of negative media broadcasts make violent incidents and immorality a part of daily life and make it perceived as an ordinary event by students. It has been found that moral collapse was the basis of the harmful behaviors of the students about themselves and their environment. Educators stated that standing around in the class, taking things that did not belong to themselves, damage to school belongings, ignoring the teacher, behaving to teacher disrespectfully, imitating negative characters in the series at school, not preparing for the lesson, not doing the allocated tasks, not bringing the necessary material, disturbing other students physically and psychologically and using slang were among the activities that created disciplinary problems and these extracurricular noises were effective.

Suggestions
As in the defense ministries of the countries, an education defense system that can detect every factor that causes difficulties in the learning-teaching process, and deterioration and illness in learning and affect society negatively (especially children and young people), and required to establish necessary measures. This system should deal with all aspects of the education and training process and assume an inter-institutional mission because technology, media, exams, school culture, educational practices, addiction, health, and learning environments that affect education should be monitored multidimensionally and continuously. When disease-causing harmful viruses enter a person's body, the immune (defense) system immediately detects that danger and develops a defense mechanism. As in this analogy, all kinds of damaging threats that negatively affect the education and teaching processes should be determined continuously, and the functioning of the education system should be controlled constantly. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop accredited and independent evaluation systems for the continuous monitoring and control mechanism.